Normalized Earnings

Normalized earnings are adjusted to remove the effects of seasonality, revenue and expenses that are unusual or one-time influences. Normalized earnings help business owners, financial analysts and other stakeholders understand a company's true earnings from its normal operations. An example of this normalization would be to remove a land sale from a firm's financial statements in which a large capital gain was realized.

Normalized earnings represent a company's earnings that omit the effects of nonrecurring charges or gains. Additionally, normalized earnings can be thought of as a firm's earnings that take into account seasonal or cyclical sales cycles.

Normalized earnings are the most accurate assessment of a company's true financial health and performance. Many companies incur one-off expenses, such as large lawyer fees, or earn one-off gains, such as the sale of old equipment. In both of these cases, even though the costs and revenues are realized and affect the company's short-term cash flow, they are not indications of the company's long-term performance. To analyze the firm, these effects have to be removed.

The most common form of earnings normalization occurs when expenses or revenues must be removed, or sales cycles must be smoothed. When normalizing large, one-off costs or earnings, there are two types of normalization adjustments.

If, for example, a company that owns a fleet of trucks decides to sell the depreciating assets and purchase new ones, both the earnings and the expenses from the sale are removed to normalize its earnings. An accountant or analyst would do this by looking at the company's income statement and removing the money generated from other comprehensive income. It would then remove the operating expense or debt financing used to purchase the new trucks. Another scenario where expenses are removed to normalize a company's earnings is in the event of an acquisition or purchase. When this occurs, the salary, wages and other expenses paid to owners and officers of the company are removed, since they won't be part of the new organization.

The other common scenario involves the normalization of earnings for companies with sales cycles or seasonality. With situations like this one, earnings are adjusted using a moving average over a number of periods. The simplest form of this is an arithmetic average. If, for example, a company earns $100 in January, $150 in February and $200 in March, and uses a two-month moving average, its normalized earnings would be $125 for February and $175 for March.