Four Cs

Four Cs are the four characteristics used to determine the value of a diamond. The Four Cs of diamonds correspond to the carat, cut, clarity and color. The characteristics of a diamond are graded and categorized by the diamond industry to establish its retail value.

The first of the Four Cs is diamond’s cut, or its shape and facets, is what makes it sparkle. The more faceted the cut, the more sparkle. Clarity indicates the presence of tiny flaws. The clearer or more flaw-free the diamond, the more brilliant and valuable it becomes. A diamond’s mass is measured in carats. The price per carat increases according to its size. Diamonds come in many colors and are categorized as either white or fancy. Distinctions of color among stones are subtle, experience and training are required to color grade a diamond. These variations make a major difference in diamond quality and price. Depending on the hue and intensity, a stone’s color can either diminish or enhance its value.

The color evaluation of white diamonds is based on the absence of color. The Gemological Institute of America's (GIA) color grading scale is the industry's most widely accepted system. It categorizes diamonds on a scale of D to Z. All D-Z diamonds are considered white, even though they contain varying degrees of yellow and brown. Perfectly colorless diamonds at the D end of the spectrum are considered the highest quality and the most expensive, while brown- or yellow-hued diamonds at the Z end of the spectrum are deemed the lowest quality. Colorless or clear white diamonds are more desirable, as they allow the most refraction of light or sparkle. Stones with a yellow intensity beyond Z, as well as diamonds exhibiting other colors, are referred to as fancy diamonds. Stones that come in tones of naturally saturated reds, pinks, blues and greens are the scarcest. Brown diamonds with varying levels of intensity are the most common and are in oversupply. They have been marketed as Cognac, Champagne or chocolate diamonds to increase their appeal.

Celebrities, royals and stars can also influence demand, causing a temporary spike in prices for a particular color. A diamond that is in fashion may lose value when trends change. Conflict or blood diamonds refer to those that originate from a country at war or in political upheaval. They may be used to finance war against a government. Conflict-free diamonds are mined in stable countries such as Australia or Canada and sold by reputable dealers or jewelry retailers. They are rated by the Kimberly Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) and are certified as conflict or blood free. Quality diamonds are graded by a qualified expert and carry a certificate of authentication.