Due Bill

A due bill is a financial instrument used to document and identify a stock seller's obligation to deliver a pending dividend to the stock's buyer. A due bill is also used when the stock's buyer is obligated to deliver a pending dividend to the stock's seller.

Due bills function as promissory notes and ensure that the correct owner receives a stock's dividend when the stock is traded near its ex-dividend date. Due bills can be used in a similar fashion when a company issues rights, warrants or stock splits.

For example, a buyer that purchases a stock ex-dividend, but before the dividend is actually paid, would provide a due bill to the seller stating that the dividend payment belongs to the seller. The timing of the ex-dividend date is set according to the rules of the stock exchange on which the stock is traded. This date is typically set for two business days prior to the record date. If a company issues a dividend in stock rather than cash, the ex-dividend date is set on the first business day after the stock dividend is paid out.

On the other hand, if a buyer purchases a stock before the ex-dividend date, he or she would be entitled to the dividend, but if he or she is not listed as the owner on the record date, the seller would receive the dividend. Since the buyer is the rightful recipient of the dividend, the seller would issue a due bill to the buyer. This due bill entitles the rights of ownership to the buyer, even though he/she has not yet been listed as the shareholder of record.

Suppose a stock is planning to issue a regular quarterly dividend. A list of stockholders of record who will receive the dividend is prepared on the record date. The ex-date is set (usually two days earlier) for when shares will trade on the open market without the right to the dividend. The period beginning at the record date and usually ending two days later (four days after the earlier ex-date) is when the identities of the holders of record are known and payment is due to them. This is known as the due bill period, during which remittances to investors are due after the stockholders of record are established.