Here's What Happens When a Bond Is Called

Fixed-income investors in low-interest rate environments often discover that the higher rate that they are receiving from their current bonds and CDs doesn't last until maturity. In many cases, they will receive a notice from their issuers stating that their principal is going to be refunded at a specific date in the future. Bonds that have call features provide this right to issuers of fixed-income instruments as a measure of protection against a drop in interest rates.

Although the prospects of a higher coupon rate may may make callable bonds more attractive, call provisions can come as a shock. Even though the issuer might pay you a bonus when the bond is called, you could still end up losing money. Plus, you might not be able to reinvest the cash at a similar rate of return, which can disrupt your portfolio.

Here we look at how a call works, how it can cause losses, what to look for in a callable bond and how to prepare for the possibility of your bond being called.

New issues of bonds and other fixed-income instruments will pay a rate of interest that mirrors the current interest rate environment. If rates are low, then all the bonds and CDs issued during that period will pay a low rate as well. When rates are high, the same rule applies. However, issuers of fixed-income investments have learned that it can be a drain on their cash flow when they are required to continue paying a high interest rate after rates have gone back down. Therefore, they often include a call feature in their issues that provides them a means of refunding a long-term issue early if rates decline sharply. Many short-term issues are callable as well.

For example, a corporation that issues a 30-year note paying five percent may incorporate a call feature into the bond that allows the corporation to redeem it after a predetermined period of time, such as after five years. This way, the corporation won't have to keep paying five percent to its bondholders if interest rates drop to two to four percent after the issue is sold. Corporations will also sometimes use the proceeds from a stock offering to retire bond debt.

Bondholders will receive a notice from the issuer informing them of the call, followed by the return of their principal. In some cases, issuers soften the loss of income from the call by calling the issue at a premium, such as $105. This would mean that all bondholders would receive a five percent premium above par ($1,000 per bond) in addition to the principal, as a consolation for the call.

Since call features are considered a disadvantage to the investor, callable bonds with longer maturities usually pay a rate at least a quarter point higher than comparable non-callable issues. Call features can be found in corporate, municipal and government issues as well as CDs. Preferred stocks can also contain call provisions.

Let's look at an example to see how a call provision can cause a loss. Say you are considering a 20-year bond, with a $1,000 face value, which was issued seven years ago and has a 10 percent coupon rate with a call provision in the tenth year. At the same time, because of dropping interest rates, a bond of similar quality that is just coming on the market may pay only five percent a year. You decide to buy the higher-yielding bond at a $1,200 purchase price (the premium is a result of the higher yield). This results in an 8.33 percent annual yield ($100/$1,200).

Suppose that three years go by, and you're happily collecting the higher interest rate. Then, the borrower decides to retire the bond. If the call premium is one year's interest, 10 percent, you'll get a check for the bond's face amount ($1,000) plus the premium ($100). In relation to the purchase price of $1,200, you will have lost $100 in the transaction of buying and selling. Plus, once the bond is called, your loss is locked in.

When you are buying a bond on the secondary market, it's important to understand any call features, which your broker is required to disclose in writing when transacting a bond. Usually call provisions can be inspected in the issue's indenture.

When analyzing callable bonds, one bond isn't necessarily more or less likely to be called than another of similar quality. You would be misinformed to think only corporate bonds can be called. Municipal bonds can be called too. The main factor that causes an issuer to call its bonds is interest rates. One feature, however, that you want to look for in a callable bond is call protection. This means there's a period during which the bond cannot be called, allowing you to enjoy the coupons regardless of interest rate movements.

Before buying a callable bond, it's also important to make sure that it in fact offers a higher potential yield. Find bonds that are non-callable and compare their yields to callable ones. However, locating bonds without call features might not be easy, as the vast majority tend to be callable.

If you own a callable bond, remain aware of its status so that, if it gets called, you can immediately decide how to invest the proceeds. To find out if your bond has been called, you will need the issuer's name or the bond's CUSIP number. Then you can check with your broker or a number of online publishers.

Finally, don't get confused by the term "escrow to maturity." This is not a guarantee that the bond will not be redeemed early. This term simply means that a sufficient amount of funds, usually in the form of direct U.S. government obligations, to pay the bond's principal and interest through the maturity date is held in escrow. Any existing features for calling in bonds prior to maturity may still apply.

As we mentioned above, the main reason a bond is called is a drop in interest rates. At such a time, issuers evaluate their outstanding loans, including bonds, and consider ways to cut costs. If they feel it is advantageous for them to retire their current bonds and secure a lower rate by issuing new bonds, they may go ahead and call their bonds. If your callable bond pays at least one percent more than newer issues of identical quality, it is likely a call could be forthcoming in the near future.

At such a time, you as a bondholder should examine your portfolio to prepare for the possibility of losing that high-yielding asset. First look at your bond's trading price. Is it considerably more than you paid for it? If so, it may be best to sell it before it is called. Even though you pay the capital-gains tax, you still make a profit.

Of course, you can prepare for a call only before it happens. Some bonds are freely-callable, meaning they can be redeemed anytime. But if your bond has call protection, check the starting date in which the issuer can call the bond. Once that date passes, the bond is not only at risk of being called at any time, but its premium may start to decrease. You can find this information in the bond's indenture. Most likely a schedule will state the bond's potential call dates and its call premium.

Finally, you can employ certain bond strategies to help protect your portfolio from call risk. Laddering, for example, is the practice of buying bonds with different maturity dates. If you have a laddered portfolio and some of your bonds are called, your other bonds with many years left until maturity may still be new enough to be under call protection. And your bonds nearer maturity won't be called, because the costs of calling the issue wouldn't be worth it for the company. While only some bonds are at risk of being called, your overall portfolio remains stable.

There is no way to prevent a call. But with some planning, you can ease the pain before it happens to your bond. Make sure you understand the call features of a bond before you buy it, and look for bonds with call protection. This could give you some time to evaluate your holding if interest rates experience a decline. Finally, to determine whether a callable bond actually offers you a higher yield, always compare it to the yields of similar bonds that are not callable.

Calls usually come at a very inconvenient time for investors. Those who get their principal handed back to them should think carefully and assess where interest rates are going before reinvesting. A rising rate environment will likely dictate a different strategy than a stagnant one.