ZZZZ Best

ZZZZ Best, founded by Barry Minkow, was a carpet-cleaning and restoration company that served as a front for a Ponzi scheme.  The company went public in December 1986 and was quickly valued at over $300 million.  Within seven months of the IPO, ZZZZ Best was bankrupt and its assets were auctioned for approximately $64,000.

While in high school, Barry Minkow formed ZZZZ Best in his parents' garage.  The business performed poorly and 15-year-old Minkow was often inundated with customer complaints and supplier collection requests.  To create an illusion of a profitable business, Minkow began committing criminal acts, such as check kiting, theft, insurance scams, and fraud, to fund operations and pay suppliers.  Within a few years of ZZZZ Best's inception, Minkow launched fictitious insurance restoration and appraisal businesses.  While active, ZZZZ Best was at the center of a credit card scheme involving over $70,000 in fraudulent charges.  Although Minkow assigned blame to contractors and employees, he repaid all of the victims except for one: a homemaker swindled out of a few hundred dollars.  

Minkow and business associate Tom Padgett created a fictitious company, Interstate Appraisal Service, to defraud banks and other lending institutions out of millions of dollars. Tom Padgett, an insurance claims adjuster, conspired with Minkow to forge documents crediting ZZZZ Best for restoration work and use Interstate Appraisal Services as the source to verify the claims.  Increasingly, investors and bankers developed an interest in ZZZZ Best based on fraudulent financial statements produced by Minkow’s firm.  As the Ponzi scheme continued, ZZZZ Best experienced significant cash flow problems.  As a solution, Minkow planned to acquire KeyServ, Sears' authorized carpet cleaner, for $25 million.  According to Minkow, the revenues from KeyServ would provide enough cash flow to end the Ponzi scheme.  Before the deal was closed, the jilted homemaker sparked a campaign against ZZZZ Best that would expose more than the fraud committed against her.  The L.A. Times featured her story, which caused ZZZZ Best's stock price to sharply decline.

To launch an IPO, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires a firm to compile a prospectus, which must include a set of audited financial statements. Independent CPA firm Ernst & Whinney (now Ernst & Young) audited ZZZZ Best's financials to provide an opinion as to whether the financial statements were free of material misstatement.  Assuming the paperwork was provided by an independent third party, the CPAs used false appraisal documents to perform its audit.  When the CPA firm requested to visit a building refurbishing customer site, Minkow and his associates rented a building and created a bogus customer job site.

In January 1988, Minkow and 10 other company insiders were indicted by a grand jury on counts of racketeering, money laundering, securities fraud, embezzlement, mail fraud, bank fraud, and tax evasion.  Separately, Minkow was also indicted on counts of credit card fraud and mail fraud.  Approximately a year later, Minkow was found guilty on all charges, was sentenced to 25 years in prison, and was ordered to pay over $26 million dollars in restitution.  After his early release in 1995, he became an ordained minister and served as a pastor of a church in California.  Minkow informally investigated and reported other Ponzi schemes.  From this success, he formed the fraudulent Fraud Discovery Institute.  In 2011, he was again convicted for fraud and sentenced to five years in prison.  A few years later, he was sentenced to an additional five years in prison for defrauding his church.  His restitution balance has increased ten-fold to $612 million.