Hostile Bid

A hostile bid is a specific type of takeover bid that bidders present directly to the target firm's shareholders because the management is not in favor of the deal. Bidders generally present their hostile bids through a tender offer. In this scenario, the acquiring company offers to purchase the common shares of the target at a substantial premium.

Hostile bids can lead to major changes in organizational structure. If a board pursues defensive action to stop the merger, a proxy fight can occur. In this scenario, the acquirer will often attempt to convince the target shareholders to replace management.

The acquirer and the target company use a variety of solicitation methods to influence shareholder votes. Shareholders receive a Schedule 14A with financial and other information on the target company and the terms of the proposed acquisition. In many cases, the acquiring company hires an outside proxy solicitation firm that compiles a list of shareholders and contacts them to state the acquirer's case. The firm can call or provide written information, detailing the reasons the acquirer is attempting to make fundamental changes and why the deal could create more shareholder wealth in the long-term.

Individual shareholders or stock brokerages submit their votes to the entity assigned to aggregate the information (e.g., a stock transfer agent or brokerage). The corporate secretary of the target company receives all votes prior to the shareholders' meeting. Proxy solicitors may scrutinize and challenge the votes if they are unclear.

Carl Icahn is one of the most successful investors. Icahn rose to fame in the 1980s through a series hostile bids, takeovers, and attempted takeovers of some of the largest American companies in America, including Texaco, TWA, and American Airlines.

A recent example of a hostile bid is EchoStar Corp.’s pursuit of Inmarsat Plc., a London-based satellite operator. The U.K. has specific rules for hostile takeovers, and as soon as news of EchoStar Corp.’s approach was released in May 2018, this triggered a 28-day deadline for the company to make a final offer or walk away from the deal.

In a shortened time frame, EchoStar announced its offer of 2.45 billion pounds ($3.2 billion), half in cash and half in EchoStar stock; however, Inmarsat’s board rejected it. The rejection was largely due to the low (27 percent) premium EchoStar offered on its share price. For a hostile takeover to go through in this case, the bidder needed to offer a higher premium.