Federal Call

Investors will receive a federal call when their margin account lacks sufficient equity to meet the initial margin requirement for new, or initial, purchases.

A federal call, (i.e., a Regulation T - Reg T call) is an initial margin call that is only issued as a result of an opening transaction. Under Federal Reserve Board Regulation T, brokers can lend an investor up to 50% of the total purchase price of a stock for new, or initial, purchases. This is called initial margin. If an investor does not already have cash or other equity in the account to cover their share of the purchase price, they will receive a federal (initial) margin call from their broker requiring them to deposit the other 50% of the purchase price.

Investors can satisfy a federal call by depositing cash in the amount of the call or depositing marginable securities valued at two times the amount of the call by trade date plus four business days. When an investor does not meet a margin call by its due date, brokers can force the sale of securities in the account to cover the margin deficiency. Although most brokers will attempt to notify their customers of margin calls, they are not required to do so and can choose what securities are sold to satisfy a call without an investor's consent. When shares are liquidated to meet a federal call, whether by an investor or their broker, the account may be restricted from margin borrowing for a period of time or revoked from margin privileges altogether. Ideally, investors should cover a federal call as soon as possible to retain control over which securities are sold to satisfy the call and avoid repeated violations that can result in removal of their margin privileges.

Brokerage firms have the right to set their own margin requirements, referred to as house requirements, so long as they are higher than Regulation T margin requirements. Investors should carefully examine their broker’s margin account agreement to review important risk disclosure information, house requirements, and margin interest rates.

The purpose of Regulation T and federal calls is to moderate the amount of financial risk present in the securities markets. Since borrowing money from a broker to buy securities on margin amplifies both gains and losses relative to initial investment, a broad overuse of margin has the potential to cause instability in financial markets as a whole. As disruptions in the financial markets can interfere with the broader economy, regulators seek to have the controls necessary to promote orderly market functioning.