Trading gold and silver futures contracts

Gold and silver futures contracts can offer a hedge against inflation, a speculative play, an alternative investment class or a commercial hedge for investors seeking opportunities outside of traditional equity and fixed income securities. In this article, we'll cover the basics of gold and silver futures contracts and how they are traded, but be forewarned: trading in this market involves substantial risk, which could be a larger factor than their upside return profiles.

A precious metals futures contract is a legally binding agreement for delivery of gold or silver at an agreed-upon price in the future. The contracts are standardized by a futures exchange as to quantity, quality, time and place of delivery. Only the price is variable.

Hedgers use these contracts as a way to manage price risk on an expected purchase or sale of the physical metal. Futures also provide speculators with an opportunity to participate in the markets without any physical backing.

There are two different positions that can be taken: a long (buy) position is an obligation to accept delivery of the physical metal, while a short (sell) position is the obligation to make delivery. The great majority of futures contracts are offset prior to the delivery date. For example, this occurs when an investor with a long position initiates a short position in the same contract, effectively eliminating the original long position.

Trading futures contracts offers more financial leverage, flexibility and financial integrity than trading the commodities themselves because they trade at centralized exchanges.

Financial leverage is the ability to trade and manage a high market value product with a fraction of the total value. Trading futures contracts is done with a performance margin, which requires considerably less capital than the physical market. The leverage provides speculators with a higher risk/higher return investment profile.

For example, one futures contract for gold controls 100 troy ounces, or one brick of gold. The dollar value of this contract is 100 times the market price for one ounce of gold. If the market is trading at $600 per ounce, the value of the contract is $60,000 ($600 x 100 ounces). Based on exchange margin rules, the margin required to control one contract is only $4,050. So for $4,050, one can control $60,000 worth of gold. As an investor, this gives you the ability to leverage $1 to control roughly $15.

In the futures markets, it is just as easy to initiate a short position as a long position, giving participants a great amount of flexibility. This flexibility provides hedgers with an ability to protect their physical positions and for speculators to take positions based on market expectations.

Gold and silver futures exchanges offer no counterparty risks to participants; this is ensured by the exchanges' clearing services. The exchange acts as a buyer to every seller and vice versa, decreasing the risk should either party default on its responsibilities.

There are a few different gold contracts traded on U.S. exchanges: one at COMEX and two at eCBOT. There is a 100-troy-ounce contract that is traded at both exchanges and a mini contract (33.2 troy ounces) traded only at eCBOT.

Silver also has two contracts trading at eCBOT and one at COMEX. The "big" contract is for 5,000 ounces, which is traded at both exchanges, while eCBOT has a mini for 1,000 ounces.

Gold is traded in dollars and cents per ounce. For example, when gold is trading at $600 per ounce, the contract has a value of $60,000 ($600 x 100 ounces). A trader that is long at $600 and sells at $610 will make $1,000 ($610 - $600 = $10 profit; $10 x 100 ounces = $1,000). Conversely, a trader who is long at $600 and sells at $590 will lose $1,000.

The minimum price movement, or tick size, is 10 cents. The market may have a wide range, but it must move in increments of at least 10 cents.

Both eCBOT and COMEX specify delivery to New York area vaults. These vaults are subject to change by the exchange. The most active months traded (according to volume and open interest) are February, April, June, August, October and December.

To maintain an orderly market, these exchanges will set position limits. A position limit is the maximum number of contracts a single participant can hold. There are different position limits for hedgers and speculators.

Silver is traded in dollars and cents per ounce like gold. For example, if silver is trading at $10 per ounce, the "big" contract has a value of $50,000 (5,000 ounces x $10 per ounce), while the mini would be $10,000 (1,000 ounces x $10 per ounce).

The tick size is $0.001 per ounce, which equates to $5 per big contract and $1 for the mini contract. The market may not trade in a smaller increment, but it can trade larger multiples, like pennies.

Like gold, the delivery requirements for both exchanges specify vaults in the New York area. The most active months for delivery (according to volume and open interests) are March, May, July, September and December.

Silver, like gold, also has position limits set by the exchanges.

The primary function of any futures market is to provide a centralized marketplace for those who have an interest in buying or selling physical commodities at some time in the future. The metal futures market helps hedgers reduce the risk associated with adverse price movements in the cash market. Examples of hedgers include bank vaults, mines, manufacturers and jewelers.

Hedgers take a position in the market that is the opposite of their physical position. Due to the price correlation between futures and the spot market, a gain in one market can offset losses in the other. For example, a jeweler who is fearful that they will pay higher prices for gold or silver would then buy a contract to lock in a guaranteed price. If the market price for gold or silver goes up, they will have to pay higher prices for gold/silver.

However, because the jeweler took a long position in the futures markets, they could have made money on the futures contract, which would offset the increase in the cost of purchasing the gold/silver. If the cash price for gold or silver and the futures prices each went down, the hedger would lose on her futures positions but would pay less when buying her gold or silver in the cash market.

Unlike hedgers, speculators have no interest in taking delivery, but instead try to profit by assuming market risk. Speculators include individual investors, hedge funds or commodity trading advisors (CTAs).

Speculators come in all shapes and sizes and can be in the market for different periods of time. Those who are in and out of the market frequently in a session are called scalpers. A day trader holds a position for longer than a scalper does, but usually not overnight. A position trader holds for multiple sessions. All speculators need to be aware that if a market moves in the opposite direction, the position can result in losses.

Whether you are a hedger or a speculator, it's crucial to remember that trading involves substantial risk and is not suitable for everyone. Although there can be significant profits for those who get involved in trading futures on gold and silver, keep in mind that futures trading is best left to traders who have the expertise needed to succeed in these markets.