How to Use Tax Lots to Minimize What You Owe

A series of tax bills in recent years have given investors a tremendous opportunity for savings on long-term capital gains and dividends. But the way to take full advantage of these changes is to use tax lots in managing your investment purchases and sales, and reporting that income to the IRS.

The current rates are based on the so-called Trump tax cuts, which are intended to stay in place until 2025.

The tax rate on long-term capital gains tops out at 20% for those who report $425,801 or more in income in 2018. The rate drops to 15% for those who make up to $425,800, and it's 0% for those whose income is $38,600 or under. To get these rates, the filer must have owned the investment for at least one year.

Short-term capital gains are taxed as ordinary income. The same bill establishes seven income tax brackets ranging from 10% for low-income earners to 37% for top earners.

Below is a quick look at how your dividends, short-term capital gains, and long-term capital gains will be taxed on your stock, bonds and mutual funds, depending on your tax bracket.

As you can see from the chart, short-term capital gains receive the least-favorable tax treatment and should be avoided in most cases. It is important to note that the reduced tax rate for dividends applies only to qualified dividends. That is, the reduced rate does not apply unless the dividend is received on a security held for at least 60 days during the 121-day period beginning 60 days before the ex-dividend date.

Form 1099-DIV breaks down ordinary and qualified dividends for you for tax purposes.

You need to keep track of your original cost basis on securities that you purchased in order to report short-term and long-term gains for the year, which is done on Schedule D-Capital Gains and Losses.

When computing your capital gains, the short-term gains and losses are first netted, and then long-term gains and losses are netted. You can then net the two results together to compute your overall result.

Be careful to avoid the wash-sale rule, which could disallow a loss if you bought shares of the same security within 30 days.

Your choice of cost basis method can have a significant effect on the computation of capital gains and losses when you sell shares.

For mutual fund shares, there are three common ways to identify the cost basis of the shares that you are selling: FIFO (first-in, first out), the average-cost method, and the specific-share method.

For stock sales, you can use the FIFO, the LIFO (last in, first out), or the specific-shares method.

Most people choose the FIFO method because it is the default in most software packages, and it's convenient for tracking cost basis. But take a look at how the specific-shares method can help you minimize your gains compared to those standard FIFO or LIFO methods. This is what is meant by selecting specific tax lots.

Suppose, for example, that you are in the 32% tax bracket and you made the following purchases of XYZ stock over a two-year period.

Now, suppose that you need to sell 800 shares of XYZ and you want to minimize your tax consequence:

                                                                                  Total $2,140

Under the FIFO method, you would sell the first 800 shares that you purchased two years ago, resulting in a long-term gain of $20,000, with a tax bill of $3,000. If you choose to sell a specific tax lot instead, you can sell your most expensive shares first, even though they were held short-term, and still have a lower tax bill of $2,140.

Tracking securities by tax lot is a great way to minimize the taxes you owe on your gains. Keep in mind that it requires you to keep accurate records and always sell your highest cost positions first.

Other ways to minimize taxes:

• Avoid short-term gains. That said when using the tax lots method check your tax lots. It occasionally makes sense to sell the newer position for a lower capital gain.
• Avoid high-turnover funds and stocks. They generate commissions, transaction costs, and higher tax liabilities. If you're going to do a lot of trading, make sure that every buy and sell decision is worth it from a tax perspective.
• Use tax-managed funds. Their managers invest in the same stocks as other funds but seek to minimize the year-end distributions of gains by less buying and selling within the fund.
• Sell your losers. Harvest your losses and use them to offset gains. Don't be afraid to generate losses that carry forward for future years.

There are a number of methods of determining your gain or loss on the sale of a security. You must determine the method that works best for you and stick with it. Although first-in, first-out might be the easiest to calculate and track, it might not always be the most advantageous.

If you do take advantage of the specific-shares method, make sure you receive a written confirmation from your broker or custodian acknowledging your selling instructions.